Ontologias bibliográficas e Web Semântica
limitações e propostas de investigação
Palavras-chave:
Dados bibliográficos ligados; Normativos bibliográficos; Ontologias; Web Semântica.Resumo
A literatura sobre dados e ontologias bibliográficos na Web Semântica identifica problemas, não ao nível das instâncias de dados ou da sua publicação em conjuntos isolados, mas sim relativamente às ontologias que descrevem os conceitos que lhe estão subjacentes, com reflexo na qualidade da interoperabilidade semântica e na partilha de ontologias entre sistemas.
Aborda-se a adequação à Web Semântica dos modelos conceptuais e limitações de FRBR - Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (IFLA 1998, 2018) ; a ausência de enquadramento conceptual comum; a insuficiência de mecanismos semânticos; a baixa e deficiente reutilização de vocabulários externos; e a inadequação das metodologias de mapeamento aplicadas.
Apresenta-se um projeto de investigação que propõe uma solução para os problemas semânticos de partilha de ontologias, através da criação de um modelo de referência conceptualmente enquadrador e de uma ontologia de referência que funcione como instrumento de relacionamento semântico de alto nível e de validação de dados, recorrendo à linguagem SHACL - Shapes Constraint Language (KNUBLAUCH e KONTOKOSTAS, 2017).
Referências
ALLEMANG, D.; HENDLER, J. 2011 Semantic Web for the working ontologist: effective modeling in RDFS and OWL. 2nd ed. Waltham (MA): Morgan Kaufmann, 2011.
ATKINSON, R.; CAR, N. J., ed. 2019 The Profiles vocabulary: W3C working draft 2 April 2019, W3C. [Em linha]. 2019. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.w3.org/TR/dx-prof/.
BAKER, T.; COYLE, K.; PETIYA, S. 2014 Multi-entity models of resource description in the Semantic Web: a comparison of FRBR, RDA and BIBFRAME. Library Hi Tech. [Em linha].32:4 (2014) 562-582. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. DOI: 10.1108/LHT-08-2014-0081.
BERNERS-LEE, T. 2006 Linked data: W3C. [Em linha]. 2006. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html.
BRINKLEY, J. F.; GUHA, R. 2014 RDF Schema 1.1: W3C Recommendation 25 February 2014. [Em linha]. Cambridge (MA): W3C, 2014. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema.
BRINKLEY, J. F. [et al.] 2006 A Framework for using reference ontologies as a foundation for the semantic web. In AMIA ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM, Washington, 2006 – Proceedings. [Em linha]. Washington: AMIA, 2006, p. 96-100. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839690
CORDEIRO, M. I. 2005 Information technology frameworks in LIS: exploring IT constructs as sources of conceptual alignment. 2005. Tese de doutoramento - University College of London.
COYLE, K. 2019 I’d like to buy a VOWEL. Coyle’s InFormation. [Em linha]. 2019. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://kcoyle.blogspot.com/2019/03/id-like-to-buy-vowel.html.
COYLE, K. 2016 FRBR, before and after: a look at our bibliographic models. [Em linha]. Chicago: American Library Association, 2016. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://www.kcoyle.net/beforeAndAfter/978-0-8389-1364-2.pdf.
COYLE, K. 2015 FRBR, twenty years on. Cataloging and Classification Quarterly. [Em linha]. 53:3/4 (2015) 265-285. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2014.943446.
CYGANIAK, R., WOOD, D.; MCBRIDE, B. 2014 RDF 1.1 concepts and abstract syntax: W3C Recommendation 25 February 2014. [Em linha]. Cambridge (MA): W3C., 2014. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/.
DAVIS, I.; NEWMAN, R. 2005 Expression of core FRBR concepts in RDF. [Em linha]. 2005. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://vocab.org/frbr/core.
DCMI 2020 DCMI metadata terms. [Em linha]. 2020. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dcmi-terms/.
DCMI 2012 Dublin Core™ metadata element set. [Em linha]. 2012. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dces/.
DE GIACOMO, G.; LENZERINI, M. 1996 TBox and ABox reasoning in expressive description logics. In INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON DESCRIPTION LOGICS, Cambridge (MA) USA, 1996 – Proceedings. [Em linha]. Cambridge, MA, USA: AAAI Press, 1996. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Workshops/1996/WS-96-05/WS96-05-004.pdf.
DEBATTISTA, J. [et al.] 2018 Evaluating the quality of the LOD cloud: an empirical investigation. Semantic Web. [Em linha]. 9:6 (2018) 859-901. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj1757.pdf.
DOERR, M.; RIVA, P.; ZUMER, M. 2012 FRBR entities: identity and identification. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. [Em linha]. 50:5-7 (2012) 517-541. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2012.681252.
DUNSIRE, G., HILLMAN, D.; PHIPPS, J. 2012 Reconsidering Universal Bibliographic Control in light of the Semantic Web. Journal of Library Metadata. 12:2/3 (2012) 164-176.
DUTTA, B. 2017 Examining the interrelatedness between ontologies and Linked Data. Library High Tech. 35:2 (2017) 312-329.
FARBER, M. [et al.] 2016 Linked Data quality of DBPedia, Freebase, OpenCyc, Wikidata, and YAGO. Semantic Web. 1:1/5 (2016) 1-45.
FEENEY, K. C., BRENNAN, R.; GLEASON, G. M. 2018 Linked data schemata: fixing unsound foundations. Semantic Web. 9:1 (2018) 53-75.
GAYO, J. E. L. [et al.] 2018 Validating RDF data. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool, 2018.
GODBY, C. J. 2016 A Division of labor: the role of Schema.org in a Semantic Web model of library resources. In JONES, Ed, ed. - Linked data for the cultural heritage. Chicago: ALCTS, 2016, p. 73-101.
GRIMM, S.; MOTIK, B. 2005 Closed world reasoning in the Semantic Web through epistemic operators. In OWLED’05 WORKSHOP ON OWL: EXPERIENCES AND DIRECTIONS, Galway, Ireland, 2005 – Proceedings. [Em linha]. 2005. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-188/sub12.pdf.
GUERRINI, M.; POSSEMATO, T. 2016 From record management to data management: RDA and new applications models BIBFRAME, RIMMF, and Olisuite/WeCat. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. 54 (feb. 2016) 179-199.
HEBELER, J. [et al.] 2009 Semantic Web programming. Indianapolis: Willey, 2009.
HITZLER, P. [et al.] 2012 OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Primer: W3C Recommendation 11 December 2012. [Em linha]. 2nd ed. Cambridge (MA): W3C, 2012. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/.
HOGAN, A. [et al.] 2012 An Empirical survey of Linked Data conformance. Journal of Web Semantics. [Em linha]. 14 (2012) 14-44. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.02.001.
HOWARTH, L. C. 2012 FRBR and linked data: connecting FRBR and linked data. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. [Em linha]. 50:5/7 (2012) 763-776. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2012.680835.
HYLAND, B. [et al.] 2014 Best practices for publishing Linked Data. W3C Working Group Note 9 January 2014. [Em linha]. Cambridge (MA): W3C, 2014. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.w3.org/TR/ld-bp.
IFLA 2018 IFLA's bibliographic conceptual models. [Em linha]. 2018. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.ifla.org/node/2016.
IFLA 2011 ISBD: International Standard Bibliographic Description. Consolidated ed. Berlin; München: De Gruyter Saur, 2011. (IFLA series on bibliographic control; vol. 44).
IFLA 1998 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. [Em linha]. Munich: K.G. Saur Verlag, 1998. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.ifla.org/publications/functional-requirements-for-bibliographic-records.
IFLA. Working Group on FRBR/CRM Dialogue 2016 Definition of FRBROO: a conceptual model for bibliographic information object-oriented formalism. [Em linha]. 2016. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/FRBRoo/frbroo_v_2.4.pdf.
JETT, J. [et al.] 2016 Enhancing scholarly use of digital libraries: a comparative survey and review of bibliographic metadata ontologies. In 2016 IEEE/ACM Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL). 2016, p. 35-44.
JAIN, P. [et al.] 2010a Linked data is merely more data. Stanford, CA: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Inteligence, 2010.
JAIN, P. [et al.] 2010b Ontology alignment for Linked Open Data. Shangai: Springer, 2010.
JURAN, J. M.; GODFREY, A. B. 1998 Juran's quality handbook. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
KNUBLAUCH, H. 2017 SHACL and OWL compared. spinrdf.org. [Em linha]. 2017. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://spinrdf.org/shacl-and-owl.html.
KNUBLAUCH, H.; KONTOKOSTAS, D., ed. 2017 Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL): W3C Recommendation 20 July 2017. [Em linha]. 2017. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.w3.org/TR/shacl/.
KONTOKOSTAS, D. [et al.] 2014 Test-driven evaluation of Linked Data quality. In WWW '14 Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on World wide web. New York: ACM, 2014, p. 747-757.
KOVARI, J. [et al.] 2018 Modeling application profiles in the art and rare materials BIBFRAME ontology extension. In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DUBLIN CORE AND METADATA APPLICATIONS, 2018 – Proceedings. [Em linha]. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://dcpapers.dublincore.org/pubs/article/download/3979/2181.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 2016 Bibliographic Framework Initiative. [Em linha]. 2016. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/.
LÓSCIO, B. F.; BURLE, C. 2017 Data on the Web best practices: W3C Recommendation 31 January 2017. [Em linha]. 2017. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. https://www.w3.org/TR/dwbp/#dataFormats.
MARTIN, K. E.; MUNDLE, K. 2014 Positioning libraries for a new bibliographic universe: a review of cataloging and classification literature 2011-12. Library Resources & Technical Service. [Em linha]. 58:4 (2014) 233-249. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://journals.ala.org/index.php/lrts/article/view/5408/6637.
MCCRAE, J. P. 2020 The Linked data open cloud. [Em linha]. 2020. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://lod-cloud.net.
MITCHELL, E. T. 2013 Metadata developments in libraries and other cultural heritage institutions. Library Technology Reports. (Jul. 2013) 5-10.
MURRAY, R. J. 2008 The FRBR theoretic library: the role of conceptual data modeling in cultural heritage information system design. In iPRES 2008 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PRESERVATION OF DIGITAL OBJECTS, 5th, 2008 - Proceedings. London: British Library, 2008, p. 163-168.
MURRAY, R. J.; TILLETT, B. 2011 Cataloging theory in search of graph theory and other ivory towers. Information Technology and Libraries. [Em linha]. 30:4 (2011) 170-184. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ital/article/download/1868/1706
ORTIZ-REPISO JIMÉNEZ, V. 2002 Análisis documental formal: la catalogación. In LÓPEZ YEPES, J., ed. - Manual de Ciencias de la Documentación. Madrid: Pirámide, 2002, p. 359-377.
PAPADAKIS, I.; KYPRIANOS, K.; STEFANIDAKIS, M. 2015 Linked Data URIs and libraries: the story so far. D-Lib Magazine. [Em linha]. 21:5/6) (2015). [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may15/papadakis/05papadakis.html.
PATRÍCIO, H. S., CORDEIRO, M. I.; RAMOS, P. N. 2020 From the web of bibliographic data to the web of bibliographic meaning: structuring, interlinking and validating ontologies on the semantic web. International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies. [Em linha]. 14:2 (2020) p.124-134. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMSO.2020.108318.
PATRÍCIO, H. S., CORDEIRO, M. I.; RAMOS, P. N. 2019 Formalizing enrichment mechanisms for bibliographic ontologies in the semantic web. In GAROUFALLOU, E. et al., ed. - Metadata and semantic research. [Em linha]. [Heidelberg]: Springer, Cham, 2019, p. 147-158. (Communications in Computer and Information Science; vol 846. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14401-2_14.
PEPONAKIS, M. 2016 In the name of the name: RDF literals, ER attributes, and the potential to rethink the structures and visualizations of catalogs. Information technology and libraries. (Jun. 2016) 19-38.
PEPONAKIS, M. 2012 Conceptualizations of the cataloging object: a critique on current perceptions of FRBR Group 1 entities. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. [Em linha]. 50:5/7 (2012) 587-602. Disponível em: http://eprints.rclis.org/17461/1/Peponakis_FRBR_Group1_Conceptualizations.pdf.
RDA STEERING COMMITTEE 2020 RDA Registry. [Em linha]. 2020. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://www.rdaregistry.info/.
RILEY, J. 2017 Understanding metadata: what is metadata and what is it for? Baltimore: National Information Standards Organization, 2017.
RIVA, P. 2016 Il Nuovo modello concettualle dell' universo bibliografico: FRBR Library Reference Model. AIB Studi. [Em linha]. 56:2 (2016) 265-275. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://aibstudi.aib.it/article/download/11480/10740.
RIVA, P., LE BOEUF, P.; ŽUMER, M. 2017 IFLA Library Reference Model: a conceptual model for bibliographic information. [Em linha]. Den Haag: IFLA, 2017. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/cataloguing/frbr-lrm/ifla-lrm-august-2017_rev201712.pdf.
SCHEMA.ORG 2021 Schema.org: organization of schemas. [Em linha]. 2021. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://schema.org/docs/schemas.html.
SCHMACHTENBERG, M., BIZER, C.; PAULHEIM, H. 2014 Adoption of the Linked Data best practices in different topical domains. In MIKA, P. et al., ed. - The Semantic Web. 2014, p. 245-260. (ISWC 2014: Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol 8.796).
SMITH-YOSHIMURA, K. 2018 Analysis of 2018 international linked data survey for implementers. Code4Lib Journal. [Em linha]. 42 (2018). [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/13867.
SPROCHI, A. 2016 Where are we headed? : Resource Description and Access, Bibliographic Framework, and the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Library Reference Model. International Information & Library Review. [Em linha]. 48:2 (2016) 129- -136. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2016.1176455.
SUOMINEN, O.; HYVONEN, N. 2017 From MARC silos to Linked Data silos? O-bib: Das Offene Bibliotheksjournal. [Em linha]. 4:2 (2017). Disponível em: https://www.o-bib.de/article/viewFile/2017H2S1-13/5854.
SVENSSON, L. G. 2013 Are current bibliographic models suitable for integration with the Web? Information Standards Quarterly. [Em linha]. 25:4 (2013) 7-13. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/11931/FE_Svensson_-bibliographic_models_isqv25no4.pdf.
SZETO, K. 2013 Positioning library data for the Semantic Web: recent developments in resource description. Journal of Web Librarianship. [Em linha]. 7:3 (2013) 305-321. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. DOI: 10.1080/19322909.2013.802584.
TALLERAS, K. 2018 Metadata structures of the Bibliographic Universe: transformation. interoperability, conceptualizations and quality. [Em linha]. 2018. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://oda-hioa.archive.knowledgearc.net/handle/10642/6622. Tese de doutoramento - Oslo Metropolitan University.
URI PLANNING INTEREST GROUP 2001 URIs, URLs, and URNs: clarifications and recommendations 1.0: report from the joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group, W3C Note 21 September 2001. [Em linha]. 2001. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/.
VRANDECIC, D. 2010 Ontology evaluation. [Em linha]. 2010. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://simia.net/download/ontology_evaluation.pdf. Tese de doutoramento - Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie.
WILLER, M.; DUNSIRE, G. 2013 Bibliographic information organization in the Semantic Web. Oxford: Chandos, 2013.
YEE, M. M. 2009 Can bibliographic data be put directly onto the Semantic Web? Information Technology and Libraries. [Em linha]. (Jun. 2009) 55-80. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ital/article/viewFile/3175/2788.
ZAPOUNIDOU, S., SFAKAKIS, M.; PAPATHEODOROU, C. 2016 Representing and integrating bibliographic information into the Semantic Web: a comparison of four conceptual models. Journal of Information Science. [Em linha]. (2016) 1-29. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0165551516650410
ZAVERI, A. [et al.] 2012 Quality assessment methodologies for Linked Open Data: a systematic literature review and conceptual framework. [Em linha]. {S. l.], IOS Press, 2012. [Consult. 7 mar. 2021]. Disponível em: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/916a/ef4b7cb2e650628ef48b364850d209a-ff041.pdf.
