IN SEARCH OF DIFFERENCES. PRELIMINARY ESSAY TOWARDS A SOCIOLOGY OF NEURODIVERSITY

Authors

  • José Bola

Keywords:

neurodiversity, social construction of disease, historicity, cultural grammar

Abstract

The phenomenon of neurodiversity has been considered a central category in debates about difference, mental health, and inclusion. The way it circulates is mirrored in the academic field, marked by disciplinary ambiguities. This work promotes, in an exploratory way, a thought that reflects neurodiversity as a social construction of illness. Instead of highlighting it as a neurological variation, we undertake a narrative review of how it becomes a social marker of what is typical or deviant, articulating classical and contemporary sociological theory. Based on historicity, contemporary paradigms, and possible emerging challenges, we argue that neurodiversity should function as a disciplinary branch of Sociology, a cultural grammar that can redefine the boundaries of symbolic interactionism. The consistent gap in national literature makes it necessary to problematize neurodiversity as a social construction, exploring the effects it produces on individuals.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Allan, J., & Slee, R. (2008). Doing inclusive education research. Sense Publishers.

Bagatell, N. (2007). Orchestrating voices: Autism, identity and the power of discourse. Disability & Society, 22(4), 413–426.

Barros, L. E. V.; Cappelle, M. C. A. & Guerra, P. (2019). Symbolic Interactionism and Career Outsider: A Theoretical Perspective for Career Study. REAd - Revista Eletrônica de Administração| Porto Alegre, 25 (1), 26-48.

Barros, C. & Guerra, P. (2021). Carreira outsider: um estudo sobre o processo de rotulação da carreira de músico. Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa. RECADM | IBEPES |Curitiba-PR, Brasil, 20 (1), 194-225.

Becker, H. (2008). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. Editora Zahar Rio de Janeiro.

Berger, P. & Luckmann, T. (2004). A construção social da realidade: Tratado de sociologia do conhecimento. Vozes.

Bola, J. (2025) Literacia em Saúde Mental: Um olhar sociológico sobre a deteção e prevenção precoce de patologias mentais [Master’s thesis]. Universidade do Porto.

Botha, M., Chapman, R., Onaiwu, M., Kapp, S., Ashley, A. & Walker, N. (2024). The neurodiversity concept was developed collectively: An overdue correction on the origins of neurodiversity theory. Autism, 28(6), 1591-1594.

Comissão Europeia. (2021). Union of equality: Strategy for the rights of persons with disabilities 2021–2030. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee of the regions.

Conrad, P. (1992). Medicalization and Social Control. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 209-232.

Correia, R., Barbosa, F., Cunha, J., & Dall-Orsoletta, A. (2025). The socio-professional integration of neurodivergent people and its social value: a case study in Portugal. Social Enterprise Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-06-2024-0106.

Davidson, J. & Orsini, M. (Eds.). (2013). Worlds of autism: Across the spectrum of neurological difference. University of Minnesota Press.

den Houting, J. (2019). Neurodiversity: An insider’s perspective. Autism, 23(2), 271–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318820762.

Dwyer, P. (2022). The Neurodiversity Approach(es): What Are They and What Do They Mean for Researchers? Human Development, 66, 73-92.

Elias, N. (1993). Mozart: Sociologia de um génio. Jorge Zahar.

Elias, N., & Scotson, J. (2000). Os estabelecidos e os outsiders: Sociologia das relações de poder a partir de uma pequena comunidade. Zahar Ed.

Eyal, G., Hart, B., Onculer, E., Oren, N. & Rossi, N. (2010). The Autism Matrix: The Social Origins of the Autism Epidemic. Polity.

Federici, S. (2017). Caliban and the witch: Women, the body and primitive accumulation. Autonomedia.

Fletcher-Watson, S. et al. (2019). Making the future together: Shaping autism research through meaningful participation. Autism, 23(4), 943–953.

Foucault, M. (1988). História da sexualidade I: A vontade de saber. Gallimard.

Foucault, M. (2009). História da loucura na idade clássica. Perspectiva.

Goffman, E. (2004). Estigma: Notas sobre a manipulação da identidade deteriorada. Editora LTC.

Goodley, D., Lawthom, R., Liddiard, K. & Runswick-Cole, K. (2019). Provocations for Critical Disability Studies. Disability & Society, 34(6), 972-997.

Grummt, M. (2023). Sociocultural perspectives on neurodiversity—An analysis, interpretation and synthesis of the basic terms, discourses and theoretical positions. Sociology Compass, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13249.

Hacking, I. (2006). Making up people. London Review of Books, pp.161–171.

Illich, I. (1975). A expropriação da saúde: Némesis da medicina. Nova Fronteira.

Jaarsma, P., & Welin, S. (2012). Autism as a natural human variation: Reflections on the claims of the neurodiversity movement. Health Care Analysis, 20(1), 20–30.

Kapp, S., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L. & Hutman, T. (2013). Deficit, Difference, or Both? Autism and Neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59–71.

Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Sex/gender differences and autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(1), 11–24.

Leveto, J. (2018). Toward a sociology of autism and neurodiversity. Sociology Compass, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12636.

Lewis, C. & Arday, J. (2023). We’ll see things they’ll never see: Sociological reflections on race, neurodiversity and higher education. The Sociological Review, 71(6), 1299-1321.

Madureira Pinto, J. (1991) Considerações sobre a Produção Social de Identidade. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, (32), 217-231.

Maturo A. (2012). Medicalization: Current Concept and Future Directions in a Bionic Society. Mens Sana Monogr, 10(1), 122-133. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1229.91587.

Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. University of Chicago Press.

Milton, D. (2014). Autistic expertise: A critical reflection on the production of knowledge in autism studies. Autism, 18(7), 794-802.

Moscovici, S. (2007). Representações sociais: Investigações em psicologia social. Vozes.

Nicolaidis C. (2012). What can physicians learn from the neurodiversity movement? American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 14(6), 503–510.

OCDE (2024). Portugal: Perfil de Saúde do País 2023. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. OCDE Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6be7d83c-pt.

Ortega, F. (2009). The cerebral subject and the challenge of neurodiversity. BioSocieties, 4(4), 425–445.

Reis, N., Miranda, M., Fuzinato, R., Ribeiro, M. & Macêdo, P. (2024). Neurodiversidade na escola: Quebrando barreiras e construindo uma educação inclusiva para todos. Aracê, 6(4), 16062–16075.

Runswick-Cole, K. (2014). 'Us' and 'them': The limits and possibilities of a 'politics of neurodiversity' in neoliberal times. Disability & Society, 29(7), 1117–1129.

Serra, R., Rocha, S., Oliveira, C., Almeida, P., Benedetto, M., & Pellicano, E. (2023). Saúde mental de pessoas autistas em Portugal: experiências e recomendações de autistas adultos e profissionais aliados. Centro de Estudos Sociais. https://estudogeral.uc.pt/handle/10316/114182.

Simões, N. (2023). Normalidade e controlo social: Enquadramento sociológico de subjetividades neurodivergentes [Dissertação de mestrado]. Repositório ISCTE. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/31059.

Singer, J. (1998). Odd People In: The Birth of Community Amongst People on the “Autistic Spectrum”. [Doctoral thesis]. University of Technology.

Thapar, A., Cooper, M., Eyre, O. & Langley, K. (2013). Practitioner Review: What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(1), 3-16.

Tronto, J. (2013). Caring democracy: Markets, equality, and justice. New York University Press.

Woods, R. (2017). Exploring how the social model of disability can be re-invigorated for autism: in response to Jonathan Levitt. Disability & Society, 32(7), 1090–1095.

Published

2025-08-31

How to Cite

Cordeiro Bola, J. M. (2025). IN SEARCH OF DIFFERENCES. PRELIMINARY ESSAY TOWARDS A SOCIOLOGY OF NEURODIVERSITY. Todas As Artes, 8(2). Retrieved from https://ojs.letras.up.pt/index.php/taa/article/view/16333